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In mathematics, a Liouvillian function is an elementary function or (recursively) the integral of a Liouvillian function. More explicitly, it is a function of one variable which is the composition of a finite number of arithmetic operations , exponentials, constants, solutions of algebraic equations (a generalization of ''n''th roots), and antiderivatives. The logarithm function does not need to be explicitly included since it is the integral of . It follows directly from the definition that the set of Liouvillian functions is closed under arithmetic operations, composition, and integration. It is also closed under differentiation. It not closed under limits and infinite sums. Liouvillian functions were introduced by Joseph Liouville in a series of papers from 1833 to 1841. ==Examples== All elementary functions are Liouvillian. Examples of well-known functions which are Liouvillian but not elementary are: * The error function, * The exponential (''Ei'') and logarithmic (''Li'' or ''li'') integrals. All Liouvillian functions are solutions of algebraic differential equations, but not conversely. Examples of functions which are solutions of algebraic differential equations but not Liouvillian include:〔L. Chan, E.S. Cheb-Terrab, "Non-liouvillian solutions for second order Linear ODEs", ''Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation (ISSAC '04)'', 2004, pp. 80–86 〕 * the Bessel functions (except special cases); * the hypergeometric functions (except special cases). Examples of functions which are ''not'' solutions of algebraic differential equations and thus not Liouvillian include all transcendentally transcendental functions, such as: * the gamma function; * the zeta function. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liouvillian function」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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